{"id":4056,"date":"2016-09-19T01:58:17","date_gmt":"2016-09-19T08:58:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/?p=4056"},"modified":"2016-09-20T10:06:01","modified_gmt":"2016-09-20T17:06:01","slug":"hoi-thua-sai-hai-ngoai-paris-thanh-minh-chuyen-ngu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/?p=4056","title":{"rendered":"H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai H\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i Paris (Thanh Minh chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef))"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai H\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i Paris (MEP)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ch\u0103m lo v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i Paris (Ph\u00e1p). H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin M\u1eebng trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng theo ki t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Theo danh hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tu h\u1ed9i hay d\u00f2ng tu theo ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<p>N\u0103m 2010, H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 247 linh m\u1ee5c, 262 ch\u1ee7ng sinh v\u00e0 17 gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 rao gi\u00e0ng Tin M\u1eebng cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c qua vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 M\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1663 t\u1ea1i ph\u1ed1 du Bac \u1edf Paris, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a \u00ab\u00a0Ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai\u00a0\u00bb, nh\u00e0 M\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00e1nh cha Alexandre VII ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img src=\"http:\/\/www.mepasie.org\/rubriques\/haut\/qui-sommes-nous\/mep-jardin.jpg\/image_preview\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i th\u1eeba sai Paris, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng du Bac<\/em><\/p>\n<p>H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng tu nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin<em>, <\/em>ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Tu h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin M\u1eebng cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00e2m s\u1ee9 t\u00f2a th\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c kh\u00e2m s\u1ee9 t\u00f2a th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n H\u1ed9i theo c\u00e1ch h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n (coll\u00e9giale). M\u1ed7i kh\u00e2m s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c t\u1ed5ng qu\u1ea3n (procureur) \u1edf Paris. C\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c t\u1ed5ng qu\u1ea3n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 b\u1ed5 sung c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u00f4ng t\u00f2a\u00a0 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n qu\u1ef9 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng di\u1ec5n ra n\u0103m 1840. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c. T\u1eeb nay v\u1ec1 sau c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng sinh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o trong H\u1ed9i. Sau vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, n\u0103m 1917, H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba sai, sau khi m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c Truy\u1ec1n B\u00e1 \u0110\u1ee9c Tin<em>, <\/em>v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i Tu h\u1ed9i g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c tri\u1ec1u. Ti\u1ebfp theo sau cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd b\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<p>Tu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i \u0111a \u0111\u1ec3 gia nh\u1eadp ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 35 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o trong H\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh sau khi tr\u1ea3i qua \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ba n\u0103m trong s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>C\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9f\/MEP_Departures_of_1856.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>C\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai MEP l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1856<\/em><\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u00e0 XX\u00a0, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb chu\u1ea9n th\u1eeba sai \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 (sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p) th\u01b0\u1eddng duy tr\u00ec tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 v\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong v\u00f2ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt. Khi ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u0103m 1815, c\u00e1c thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau n\u00e0y, H\u1ed9i Truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t l\u1edbn lao cho nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ebft \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0\u00a0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n<p>Xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng \u00edt kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c trang tr\u1ea3i t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc, nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n t\u1eeb khi h\u1ecd loan b\u00e1o k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh, tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eed th\u00e1ch \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, v\u00e0 bi \u0111\u00e1t cho m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, khi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n trong b\u00ed m\u1eadt m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi t\u1eeb gi\u00e3, n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lay chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi s\u1ef1 chia ly \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, ho\u1eb7c khi, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, s\u1ef1 hy sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i d\u00e2y r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00ean kia c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\u00a0: trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0 t\u1eeb th\u00f4ng qua ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n Paris v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f2n \u1edf l\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 s\u1edf.<\/p>\n<p>Trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb T\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u1ebfn kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh \u0111i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u01b0\u1eddn \u01b0\u01a1m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 Besancon (C\u00e1c th\u00e1nh Isidore Gagelin, Joseph Marchand, Francois Neron v\u00e0 Etienne Cuenot), Poitiers (C\u00e1c th\u00e1nh Jean-Charles-Cornay v\u00e0 Th\u00e9ophane V\u00e9nard) ho\u1eb7c Bayeus (Emmanuel Verroles L\u00e9on Thomine Desmazures). Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn th\u1eeba sai c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m nh\u01b0 Digne, c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o, th\u00e1nh Jacques Chastan n\u0103m 1839 l\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 v\u0169 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng g\u1ed3m 10 v\u1ecb l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t phong th\u00e1nh g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y (1984 v\u00e0 1988) cho hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ba v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tinh th\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9n<\/strong>g<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng sinh \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1881.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Truy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n trong h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Sau Th\u00e1i Lan, B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, Nam K\u1ef3, Cam b\u1ed1t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, t\u00f2a th\u00e1nh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c v\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u00f2ng T\u00ean trong mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1ea4n n\u0103m 1776. N\u0103m 1831, \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gr\u00e9goire XVI \u1ee7y th\u00e1c cho H\u1ed9i Truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n\u00a0; n\u0103m 1838, M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u\u00a0; n\u0103m 1841, M\u00e3 Lai; n\u0103m 1846, T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 Assam. N\u0103m 1849, H\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00e1nh cha Pi\u00f4 IX ba t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c \u1edf Trung Hoa v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1855, Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n. Sau c\u00f9ng, n\u0103m 1952, \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00e1nh cha Pi\u00f4 XII y\u00eau c\u1ea7u H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn m\u1edbi Hualien \u1edf \u0110\u00e0i loan.<\/p>\n<p>Trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c cha th\u1eeba sai n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Cam-b\u1ed1t, L\u00e0o. H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai H\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai ph\u1ea3i \u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00ec tu\u1ed5i\u00a0 cao s\u1ee9c y\u1ebfu. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u00a0: \u1edf Madagascar, \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o Maurice, \u1edf Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 T\u00e2n Caledonie.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng l\u1ead<\/strong>p<\/p>\n<p>Alexandre de Rhodes, v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai d\u00f2ng T\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng n\u01a1i ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee3t l\u01b0u tr\u00fa t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1624 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1645, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0110TC Alexandre VII g\u1eedi ba gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u00f4ng t\u00f2a (vicaire apostolique), \u0111\u1ebfn \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u nh\u1eb1m thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 s\u1edf, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng xen v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p>Pierre Lambert de la Motte, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u00f4ng t\u00f2a c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 coi s\u00f3c c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng s\u00e1u n\u0103m 1660.<\/p>\n<p>Francois Pallu, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u00f4ng t\u00f2a \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ec9nh Trung Hoa gi\u00e1p gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng b\u1ea3y n\u0103m 1661.<\/p>\n<p>Ignace Cotolendi, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u00f4ng t\u00f2a Nam Kinh v\u00e0 cai qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng Trung Hoa, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103mr 1662.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed7i v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 linh m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111i k\u00e8m. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ecdng h\u1ecd g\u1ed3m m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sang Ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u1ea5t hai n\u0103m\u00a0; 8 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd ch\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0110C Ignace Cotolendi.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1658 \u0111\u1ebfn 1700, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n chung Juthia \u1edf Siam, vi\u1ec7c rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin M\u1eebng \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, Cam b\u1ed1t v\u00e0 Xi\u00eam la, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 40\u00a0000 ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng tu n\u1eef \u1edf An nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 phong ch\u1ee9c cho ba m\u01b0\u01a1i ba linh m\u1ee5c b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n<p>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu l\u00f2ng \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i cho ph\u00e9p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, vi\u1ec7c g\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3, vi\u1ec7c k\u00fd k\u1ebft c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII<sup>e<\/sup>\u00a0 B\u0103ng c\u1ed1c, Mergui, v\u00e0 Jonselang,<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u00f4ng t\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n<p>Trong n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII,\u00a0H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m lo c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o do c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf (1773). Khi nhi\u1ec1u tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb (v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch linh m\u1ee5c thu\u1ed9c gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9), c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Sichuan v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh nh\u01b0 \u0110C Pottier v\u00e0 \u0110C Dufresne v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u0110C B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n<p>Cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch M\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII\u00a0c\u00f3 6 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 135 linh m\u1ee5c b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. H\u1ed9i \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ch\u00edn ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i c\u00f3\u00a0 250 ch\u1ee7ng sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 300\u00a0000 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb 3\u00a0000 \u0111\u1ebfn 3\u00a0500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i m\u1ed7i n\u0103m.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>H\u1ed9i nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u00e1i l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o tr\u1edf n\u00ean nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 quy m\u00f4, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb H\u1ed9i Truy\u1ec1n B\u00e1 \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1edfi Pauline Jaricot, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i g\u00e2y n\u00ean t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII v\u00e0 XVIII\u00a0, m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai ch\u1ebft trong t\u00f9 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX<sup>,\u00a0 <\/sup>s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i gia t\u0103ng sau \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong ch\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c phong th\u00e1nh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. N\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0110C Dufresne, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u00f4ng t\u00f2a Sichuan, b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1815\u00a0; nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cha Gagelin, Marchand, Francois Jaccard, Jean-Charles Cornay, v\u00e0 Pierre Borie t\u1eeb 1833 \u0111\u1ebfn 1838\u00a0; v\u00e0 t\u1eeb 1850 \u0111\u1ebfn 1862 Augustin Schoeffler, Theophane Venard, Bonnard, N\u00e9ron, Auguste Chapdelaine, N\u00e9el, Etienne-Theodore Cuenot, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u00f4ng t\u00f2a c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd vi\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u1eef tu b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. T\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110C Laurent Imbert, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u00f4ng t\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cha Pierre Maubant v\u00e0 Jacques Chastan b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1839, r\u1ed3i th\u00e1ng ba 1866 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, ch\u00edn gi\u00e1o s\u0129 cao c\u1ea5p trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0110C Simeon Francois Berneux, c\u00e1c cha Antoine Daveluy v\u00e0 Henri Dorie, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 103 v\u1ecb t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u qua nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o v\u00e0 s\u1eed bi\u00ean ni\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi g\u00e2y ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi khao kh\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin M\u1eebng. Ch\u00fang th\u00f4i th\u00fac c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Ch\u00e2u \u00e2u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Trung Hoa. Trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Boxer, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 cha Laurent Guillou, th\u00e1ng b\u1ea3y n\u0103m 1900, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u00f4ng t\u00f2a c\u1ee7a M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u. T\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng ch\u00edn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t n\u0103m 1866<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o Suez c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ng\u00e0y nay<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i thang \u1edf ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc g\u00f4ng (<em>cangue<\/em>) m\u00e0 cha Pierre Dumoulin-Borie \u0111\u00e3 mang trong th\u1eddi gian giam c\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII\u00a0H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba sai h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i Paris \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn \u00c1 ch\u00e2u g\u1ea7n 4\u00a0500\u00a0linh m\u1ee5c. Hi\u1ec7n nay, H\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 379, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, H\u1ed9i v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u, trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i th\u1eeba sai h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i Paris. T\u1eeb c\u0103n c\u1ee9 kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2n th\u1eeba sai, ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng du Bac g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean linh m\u1ee5c \u00c1 ch\u00e2u. H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba sai h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 350 n\u0103m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2008 . Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t ch\u1ee7ng sinh \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7n nay (2010)\u00a0 cho H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba sai h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i Paris.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ecb b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a MEP t\u1eeb 9 th\u00e1ng b\u1ea3y 2010, l\u00e0 cha P. Georges Colomb, cha \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebf v\u1ecb cha Jean-Baptiste Etcharren (1998-2010).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh tu h\u1ed9i<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1710, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau chuy\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i quy \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho H\u1ed9i Truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng\u00a0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u1edf Rome v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1622.<\/p>\n<p>N\u0103m 1840, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng sinh, t\u1eeb nay v\u1ec1 sau, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba sai h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i Paris.<\/p>\n<p>N\u0103m 1917, sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt, H\u1ed9i M.E.P. kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tu h\u1ed9i h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i\u00a0: t\u1eeb nay tr\u1edf \u0111i h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean\u00a0 v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Chi ti\u1ebft t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3\u00a0 Paris do Turgot th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1739\u00a0: chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 du Bac.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n ph\u1ed1 du Bac<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1683 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 Lambert. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng tr\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ph\u00e9p ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi 1663 tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Babylone v\u00e0 Bossuet \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>Trong bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1eb7t vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng t\u01b0 1683, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh vua Louis XIV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00f2ng khoan dung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n. Ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng t\u00e1m 1683, nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n L\u1ec5 Hi\u1ec3n Linh (vi\u1ec7c t\u1ecf m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi D\u00e2n Ngo\u1ea1i), tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1697.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ph\u1ed1 du Bac<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII\u00a0, nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1eeba sai.<\/p>\n<p>Doanh tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u1ec7 binh qu\u1ed1c gia trong cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch M\u1ea1ng, nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1798 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c gia (nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n)\u00a0; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em ra b\u00e1n, nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ed m\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<p>N\u0103m 1802, nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n m\u1edf c\u1eeda tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Xavi\u00ea, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4 ma \u0110a-canh, v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y gia t\u0103ng s\u0129 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng b\u1ea3y 1848, nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n linh c\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u00a0: Francois R\u00e9n\u00e9 de Chateaubriand, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Victor Hugo, Sainte-Beuve, Honore de Balzac v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p>Trong 1851, Charles Gounod, ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u00e0n organ th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5, s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c <em>Chant pour le d\u00e9part des missionnaires<\/em>, (t\u00f4n vinh vi\u1ec7c l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1eeba sai) v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c <em>Chant pour l\u2019anniversaire des Martyrs<\/em>. (T\u00f4n vinh c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o) N\u0103m 1874, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 m\u1edbi \u1edf qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Mitthouard, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Th\u00e1nh Fran\u00e7ois Xavier c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o H\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng du Bac l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd m\u1edbi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i t\u00ean g\u1ecdi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><em>Thanh Minh chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai H\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i Paris (MEP) &nbsp; L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ch\u0103m lo v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i Paris (Ph\u00e1p). H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin M\u1eebng trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng theo ki t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Theo danh hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tu &#8230; <a title=\"H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai H\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i Paris (Thanh Minh chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef))\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/?p=4056\" aria-label=\"More on H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai H\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i Paris (Thanh Minh chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef))\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[75],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4056"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4056"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4056\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4062,"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4056\/revisions\/4062"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4056"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4056"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4056"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}