{"id":4166,"date":"2017-10-23T05:29:12","date_gmt":"2017-10-23T12:29:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/?p=4166"},"modified":"2017-10-24T05:36:36","modified_gmt":"2017-10-24T12:36:36","slug":"ki-to-giao-nang-cao-tu-do-va-pham-gia-cua-phu-nu-kim-ngan-sb59-chuyen-ngu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/?p=4166","title":{"rendered":"Ki-T\u00f4 gi\u00e1o n\u00e2ng cao t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (Kim Ng\u00e2n sb59 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>K<\/strong><strong>I T\u00d4 \u00a0<\/strong><strong>G<\/strong><strong>I\u00c1O <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>N\u00c2NG CAO T\u1ef0 DO <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>V\u00c0 PH\u1ea8M GI\u00c1 C\u1ee6A PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Alvin J. Schmidt<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef: Kim Ng\u00e2n 59<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u2026\u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng hay ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c anh ch\u1ecb em \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su Ki-t\u00f4.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>(Th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4 trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi t\u00edn h\u1eefu Ga-l\u00e1t 3: 28)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n nay m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su Ki-t\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd\u00a0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 g\u00ec? M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o hi\u1ec7n nay. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 khi h\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i\u00a0 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea5u m\u1eb7t. T\u1ea1i Saudi Arabia ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e1i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00f4-t\u00f4. Trong m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1999, nh\u1eefng tin t\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u1ea1i Iran b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m mang son b\u00f4i m\u00f4i, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf t\u00f9. Cho d\u00f9 \u1edf Saudi Arabia ho\u1eb7c trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp kh\u00e1c n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn b\u00f3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0\u00a0 r\u1eaby b\u1ecf v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a kinh Koran, kinh n\u00e0y vi\u1ebft: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng cao tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u2026nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3i tr\u1ee5y g\u00e2y lo s\u1ee3, h\u00e3y khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp h\u1ecd; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd\u201d (Sura 4: 34).M\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc vi\u1ebft\u00a0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh. Th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu th\u00e0nh \u00ca-ph\u00ea-x\u00f4, H\u1ee1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng, h\u00e3y y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng cho gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.\u201d V\u00e0 ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i th\u00eam, \u201cAi y\u00eau v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 y\u00eau ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\u201d (Ep 5: 25, 28).<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng cao c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu \u00ca-ph\u00ea-x\u00f4, n\u00f3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy-la ho\u1eb7c trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong m\u1ecfi gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 hi\u1ec7n nay, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p: \u201cs\u1ef1 ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi La M\u00e3 sang Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn lao trong th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u201d. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00fac t\u00edch h\u01a1n: \u201cVi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1ng sinh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 l\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.\u201d (3) \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n v\u00ec sao\u00a0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta l\u01b0\u1edbt qua n\u01b0\u1edbc Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>TH\u00c2N PH\u1eacN TH\u1ea4P K\u00c9M C\u1ee6A PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee HY L\u1ea0P<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi A-ten x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Hy L\u1ea1p. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef A-ten \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p r\u1eddi b\u1ecf nh\u00e0 tr\u1eeb khi b\u00e0 ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed3ng b\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng. Khi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1ch kh\u1ee9a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0103n u\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i lui v\u00e0o khu d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 (gynaecaeum). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00edt t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 hetaera, ho\u1eb7c mistress(b\u00e0 ch\u1ee7), con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1ee3 khi \u00f4ng ta attended nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh. Hetaera l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p>Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Hy L\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1ea1i Sparte, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u1edf Aten, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng gi\u1eef\u00a0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u201cd\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ed5 kh\u00f3a v\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a\u201d, theo l\u1eddi Plutarch, nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn Hy l\u1ea1p s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai (Lycurgus 15: 8) Thi s\u0129 Aristophanes cho Calonice l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng trong m\u1ed9t v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u201cCh\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ra ngo\u00e0i khi ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00fang ta\u201d (Lysistrata 16-19). Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Aten b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u00e2n ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.Theo v\u1edf bi k\u1ecbch Medea c\u1ee7a Euripides, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ly d\u1ecb ch\u1ed3ng, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ly d\u1ecb v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o. Th\u1eafc m\u1eafc nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 Medea \u0111\u00e3 than th\u1edf trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Euripides, \u201cCh\u1eafc ch\u1eafn trong c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n tr\u00ed, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ph\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t\u201d (Medea 231-232).<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e9 trai kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i Aten \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, \u201cch\u00fang h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y l\u00e0m th\u01a1, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 thao; con g\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i h\u1ecdc ch\u00fat n\u00e0o, \u201cm\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Hy L\u1ea1p cho bi\u1ebft. Trong c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. Sophocles \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft, \u201cH\u1ee1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, im l\u1eb7ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 trang \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u201d (Ajax 293); Euripides b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, \u201cIm l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t n\u01a1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1eef im l\u1eb7ng trong nh\u00e0\u201d (Hereclitus 476); v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia Aristotle n\u00f3i, \u201cIm l\u1eb7ng ban cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef s\u1ef1 duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng\u201d (Politics 1: 1260a). Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Euripides, Sophocles v\u00e0 Aristophanes, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Homer \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Telemachus khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Penelope v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bi \u0111\u00e1t h\u01a1n, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cL\u1eddi n\u00f3i n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng\u201d (Odissey 1. 359).<\/p>\n<p>Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Aten c\u0169ng b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. X\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Hy L\u1ea1p th\u00edch coi ngang ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1edbi ma qu\u1ef9. Euripides (480-406 tr\u01b0\u1edbc JC.) \u0111\u00e3 cho Hippolytus h\u1ecfi, \u201ct\u1ea1i sao ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ban m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, h\u1ee1i th\u1ea7n Zeus, cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng?\u201d (Hippolytus 616-617). Aeschylus (525?-456 tr\u01b0\u1edbc JC) \u0111\u00e3 cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i k\u1ecbch tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1\u201d Qu\u1ef7 d\u1eef c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ecd (c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef) v\u00e0 k\u1ebb l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m, v\u1edbi t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n nh\u01a1 b\u1ea9n\u201d (Suppliant Maidens 748-49). M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 kh\u00e1c, Aristophanes cho nh\u00f3m gi\u1ea3i trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Lysistrata l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng, \u201cV\u00ec ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m v\u00f4 li\u00eam s\u1ec9, \u0111\u00ea ti\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o\u201d (368-369). Nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u1eed thi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i Homer cho Agamemnon tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1, \u201cKh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u201d (Odyssey 11). V\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1c v\u1ea1i Pandora \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a s\u1ef1 d\u1eef v\u00e0o trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Aten \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan r\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t xa, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang t\u01b0. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i v\u1eeba nh\u1eafc, vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i b\u00e9 g\u00e1i v\u01b0\u1ee3t r\u1ea5t xa vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i b\u00e9 trai. C\u00e1c b\u00e9 g\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb hy sinh. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Hilarion v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng, khi n\u00e0ng s\u1eafp sinh, n\u1ebfu sinh con trai, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i th\u00ec \u201cv\u1ee9t n\u00f3 \u0111i\u201d. M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Hy L\u1ea1p vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e9 trai l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n, ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3. M\u1ed9t b\u00e9 trai l\u00e0 \u201cngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c uy t\u00edn ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t b\u00e9 g\u00e1i l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch, m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i b\u00e9 g\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 cao. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u00e9 g\u00e1i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m, v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ecd s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 tr\u1ebb em. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c Ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu th\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2) lu\u00f4n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i tr\u1ebb em, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00e9 trai m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00e9 g\u00e1i. H\u1ecd xem Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 nh\u01b0\u00a0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef. H\u1ecd nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng\u2026hay \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su Ki-t\u00f4\u201d (Gl 3: 28).<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00edt t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Hy L\u1ea1p, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh\u00a0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng. Trong khi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4 g\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c giai c\u1ea5p cao h\u01a1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t \u00edt gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 La M\u00e3, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 Aten, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i b\u00e0n \u0103n. C\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 ch\u1ed3ng n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt manus c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ecd d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ly d\u1ecb v\u1ee3 n\u1ebfu v\u1ee3 \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mang m\u1ea1ng che, theo Plutarch (Romulus 22.3) M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ly d\u1ecb v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Cato ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m (Aulus Gellius Noctium Gellius 17. 6). Theo lex voconia (m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt ban h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 169 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN) m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef d\u01b0\u1edbi lu\u1eadt manus b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eeb th\u00e1nh Augustine, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o th\u00e0nh Hippo t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Phi.<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3i tr\u1ee5y nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c trong B\u1ea3ng 4 c\u1ee7a M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai B\u1ea3ng Lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN. B\u1ea3ng 4 vi\u1ebft ra lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a patria potestas, lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y ban c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a paterfamilias (cha gia \u0111\u00ecnh) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Trong vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 paterfamilias, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n uy t\u1ed1i cao, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u00ean con c\u00e1i ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u00e1u. Ch\u1ec9 m\u00ecnh \u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ly d\u1ecb v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta c\u0169ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu quy\u1ec1n sinh t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c con c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft con g\u00e1i c\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu c\u00f4 ta ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh trong nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c trong nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f4 ta. Quy\u1ec1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 b\u1edfi Caesar Augustus, khi \u00f4ng ban b\u1ed1 lu\u1eadt lex Julia de adulteriis n\u0103m 18 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u0169ng chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n sinh t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng b\u00e0. \u00d4ng ta c\u00f3 \u201cto\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft b\u00e0, theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft con c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\u201d. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft v\u1ee3 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1\u00a0 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a \u00e1n gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p>So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt\u00a0 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu. C\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c cho con c\u00e1i n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng patria potestas c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng. Patria potestas v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn paterfamilias c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3, ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n, t\u00f2a \u00e1n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng La M\u00e3, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng Hy L\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng khoan dung \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f3i trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c La M\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u0103m 215 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i qu\u00e3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3, n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra cho h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o qu\u00e3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e3i b\u1ecf Lu\u1eadt Oppian. Lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p m\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u00e1o d\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, mang nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ounce v\u00e0ng <em>(*)<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1ee1i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t carpentum (m\u1ed9t xe ng\u1ef1a c\u00f3 m\u00e0n che ph\u1ee7).<\/p>\n<p><em>*1 ounce v\u00e0ng =8,3 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0ng.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng khai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ki\u00eam tri\u1ebft gia Cato h\u1ecfi \u201cC\u00e1c b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay sao? \u201c (Livy, the Founding Fathers of the City 34. 10). T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i im l\u1eb7ng. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n ch\u00fang cho c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y\u00a0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t. S\u1ef1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u00a0im l\u1eb7ng tr\u00ean ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i gi\u1eefa phi\u00ean t\u00f2a.<\/p>\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng t\u1ef1 do c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, v\u0103n h\u00f3a La M\u00e3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m\u00a0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 b\u1edfi Tacite (ca tr.CN 55-ca. 120). Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Annuals, \u00f4ng bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 hung d\u1eef. Tri\u1ebft gia ki\u00eam ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia Seneca xem s\u1ef1 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 dung m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em. (De Ira I. 190), v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 tr\u00e0o ph\u00fang Juvenal n\u00f3i \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m\u201d (Satires 6. 457). X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y v\u00ec sao m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd l\u00e0m, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb g\u1eafn nh\u00e3n m\u00e1c c\u1ee7a\u00a0 s\u1ef1 \u00f4 nh\u1ee5c. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng\u00a0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd r\u1eddi b\u1ecf ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111i n\u1eefa: \u201cNh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u1ecfi ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 bi th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 tr\u00e0o ph\u00fang cho l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u1ea3 nghi.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m\u00a0 d\u00e0nh cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd b\u1ecb l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c. \u201cNh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c khi\u1ebft t\u1ecbnh, trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ch\u00fang ta, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. \u201cX\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00ea ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp m\u1ecdi giai c\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3, ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u00e1c t\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n Aphrodite. Trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p, t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n linh ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n li\u00ean quan\u00a0 \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>TH\u00c2N PH\u1eacN TH\u1ea4P K\u00c9M C\u1ee6A PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee DO TH\u00c1I<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c trong c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Do th\u00e1i trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Hy-La. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean rabbin (ca. 400 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN \u0111\u1ebfn ca. 300 sau CN). Lu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a rabbin (l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong s\u00e1ch Talmud v\u00e0 Midrash), gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a (Yoma 43b). V\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aten, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang.. Lu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng \u201cb\u00ean ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc (to ti\u1ebfng) trong Lu\u1eadt (Torah)\u201d (Megillah 23 a). Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n rabbin kh\u00e1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 cho l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1eadt v\u00f4 li\u00eam s\u0129\u201d khi l\u1eafng nghe l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng (Berakhoth 24a). Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u00f2n d\u1ea1y, \u201cH\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt (Torah) b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 trao cho m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u2026N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y Lu\u1eadt cho con g\u00e1i m\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng ta d\u1ea1y cho n\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3ng\u201d (Sotah 3, 4). Josephus, s\u1eed gia Do Th\u00e1i s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi pharisi\u00eau, ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y khi \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i v\u00ec lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a M\u00f4i-sen c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 (Jewish Antiquities 4. 8. 15).<\/p>\n<p>Cho r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng nghe gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n th\u1edd t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n\u00a0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tham gia. C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t michetza (v\u00e1ch ng\u0103n) Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u201ct\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t trong m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng\u00a0 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh lang\u2026 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng\u201d. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u1edbi h\u00e1t x\u01b0\u1edbng. Raphael Patai\u00a0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Do Th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p h\u00e1t trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1eddi \u00c1nh S\u00e1ng (th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1700) v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p h\u00e1t trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch (t\u1ef1 do).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>CH\u00daA KI-T\u00d4 MANG L\u1ea0I T\u1ef0 DO V\u00c0 PH\u1ea8M G\u00cdA CHO PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Hy l\u1ea1p, La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Do th\u00e1i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu qua h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su Ki-t\u00f4. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i n\u00e2ng cao th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7m cao m\u1edbi, th\u01b0\u1eddng khi\u1ebfn cho b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i\u00a0 b\u00e1i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 kinh h\u00e3i. B\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ng\u00e0i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i\u00a0 nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 h\u1ee7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u00e8n k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n. Ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i: \u201c Th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c con c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o\u201d (Ga 10. 10). N\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o h\u01a1n, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u00a0 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>NG\u01af\u1edcI PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee SAMARITAN\u00d4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 Samaritan\u00f4 (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong Ga 4: 5-29) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n nay. \u0110i\u1ec1u Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch. Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft\u00a0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Samaritan\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i theo \u0111\u00f3 quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh xem ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n<p>Khi g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Samaritan\u00f4 \u1edf gi\u1ebfng Gia-c\u00f3p, Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su xin b\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng. B\u1ecb s\u1ed1c, b\u00e0 h\u1ecfi, \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i c\u00f2n t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Samaritan\u00f4. T\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xin t\u00f4i n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng? (Ga 4: 9). Vi\u1ec7c Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u00e0, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c g\u00e2y s\u1ed1c cho b\u00e0. Th\u1ef1c ra b\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi \u201cV\u00ec sao ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i, l\u1ea1i xin t\u00f4i n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng, v\u00ec t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Samaritan\u00f4?\u201d Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cT\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Samaritan\u00f4.\u201dN\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Samaritan\u00f4 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 r\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y rabbin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p n\u00f3i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Lu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u rabbin ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00e0o n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng) \u0111\u1ec1u mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 d\u1eef cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.\u201d (Aboth 1, 5) Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n rabbin \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng, \u201cCh\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf\u201d (Berakhoth 43b).<\/p>\n<p>B\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Samaritan\u00f4 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin \u201c\u0111\u00e3 kinh ng\u1ea1c khi th\u1ea5y Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u201d (Ga 4: 27) H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng kinh ng\u1ea1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Samaritan\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>BI\u1ebeN C\u1ed0 MARY &#8211; MARTHA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tin m\u1eebng Luca thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u00ean l\u00e0 Martha \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh (Lc 10: 38-42). Martha \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m vai tr\u00f2 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb b\u1eefa \u0103n cho Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1ch m\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi em g\u00e1i Mary\u00a0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su. Mary l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, b\u1edfi v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt rabbin v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa,\u00a0 khi Martha qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch Mary l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 n\u00e0ng, Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Martha nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n ca ng\u1ee3i Mary v\u00ec c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cho Mary nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u rabbin. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Sotah 3, 4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean: \u201cH\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt (Torah) b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u2026N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng d\u1ea1y Lu\u1eadt cho con g\u00e1i m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng ta\u00a0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y cho c\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3ng.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>CH\u00daA GI\u00ca-SU GI\u1ea2NG D\u1ea0Y MARTHA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>M\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp kh\u00e1c, Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Martha, \u201cTa l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. K\u1ebb n\u00e0o tin ta th\u00ec s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cho d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 tin ta, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ebft. Con c\u00f3 tin \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng? (Ga 11: 25-26). Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n trong b\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Tn M\u1eebng. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o? Cho m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u01b0! \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cho m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n th\u1ebf. Ng\u00e0i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t\u00a0 ph\u00fac \u0111\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi t\u1eeb Martha. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, ng\u00e0i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i\u00a0 t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch\u00a0 b\u1ea3o n\u00e0ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng khai cho Ng\u00e0i, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>CH\u00daA GI\u00ca-SU HI\u1ec6N RA CHO C\u00c1C <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee SAU KHI S\u1ed0NG L\u1ea0I<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su v\u1eabn d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ngang b\u1eb1ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u1ec9 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c Ng\u00e0i hi\u1ec7n ra cho m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 tr\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0o s\u00e1ng Ch\u00faa Nh\u1eadt ph\u1ee5c sinh. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u00f5i ch\u1ebft. Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i: \u201c C\u00e1c con \u0111\u1eebng s\u1ee3. H\u00e3y \u0111i v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng anh em c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u1ebfn Galil\u00e9e, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ta\u201d (Mt 28: 10).<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea1i sao Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Ph\u00ea-r\u00f4 v\u00e0 Gioan, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra? T\u1ea1i sao Ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n\u00a0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng? Ng\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t v\u00e0 b\u1ecb qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng. C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp kh\u00e1c\u201d C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb r\u1ed1t h\u1ebft s\u1ebd l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft v\u00e0 k\u1ebb tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ed1t h\u1ebft\u201d (Lc 13: 30)<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>NH\u1eeeNG PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee \u0110I THEO CH\u00daA GI\u00ca-SU<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea3 ba Tin m\u1eebng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e3m ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111i theo Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Palestine. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Marc\u00f4 cho r\u1eb1ng \u201c nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i c\u00f9ng Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u00ea-ru-sa-lem c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u00f3\u201d (Mc 15: 41). Th\u00e1nh Luca nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f9ng \u0111i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i (Lc 8: 1-3) C\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n nay, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u01b0u \u00fd trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u0129 \u0111i\u1ebfm v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tai ti\u1ebfng s\u1ebd \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1eadn v\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. S\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 c\u0169ng kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh coi th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i theo Ng\u00e0i, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1t ra l\u1eddi ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch n\u00e0o. V\u00e0o d\u1ecbp kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh xu\u1ea5t huy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ph\u00eda sau Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1edd v\u00e0o g\u1ea5u \u00e1o c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c (Mc 5: 25-34)C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su \u01b0? Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh cho b\u00e0 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o b\u00e0 \u0111i v\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh an.<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Vi\u1ec7c Ng\u00e0i ban cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ng\u00e0i, nh\u1eefng Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 Ng\u00e0i noi theo.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>GI\u00c1O H\u1ed8I T\u00d4NG TRUY\u1ec0N CH\u00c0O \u0110\u00d3N C\u00c1C PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i t\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai. Tu\u00e2n theo ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4, c\u00e1c ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu th\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, thu h\u1eb9p theo \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ngay sau khi Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 ph\u1ee5c sinh th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 Ng\u00e0i t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong tu\u1ea7n (Ch\u00faa Nh\u1eadt) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m vui m\u1eebng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1 duy nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. Nh\u00ecn chung h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0 ho\u1eb7c trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 ri\u00eang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd t\u1ea1i gia. V\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4n th\u1edd m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4 ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Apphia, \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecb ch\u00fang ta\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd t\u1ea1i gia trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 C\u00f4l\u00f4s\u00ea (Philemon 2). T\u1ea1i Laodicea, c\u00f3 Nympha, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ngay t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 b\u00e0\u201d (Cl 4: 15). T\u1ea1i Ephesus, Priscilla v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng\u00a0 b\u00e0 l\u00e0 Aquila, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u201c\u1edf nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\u201d (1 Cr 16: 19) v\u00e0 Phao-l\u00f4 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Priscilla l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng\u00a0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i (Rm 16:3) trong s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ki-t\u00f4 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111i kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (Mt 28: 19).<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i t\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 Phoebe. Trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi t\u00edn h\u1eefu La M\u00e3 16: 1-2 Phao-l\u00f4 c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 diakonos (ph\u00f3 t\u1ebf), m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e0 b\u00e0 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef trong gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u1edf Cenchrae, Phao-l\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u201cdeaconess\u201d trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch. T\u1eeb n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c g\u1ecdi b\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00f3 t\u1ebf, Phao-l\u00f4 c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t prostatis, ho\u1eb7c \u201cvi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d. Trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 t\u1eeb prostatis c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0\u00a0 \u201cch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn, cai qu\u1ea3n,\u201d theo Bo Reicke.M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng Phoebe \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u201cv\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.\u201d B\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 tin r\u1eb1ng Phao-l\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eedi th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i cho c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu La M\u00e3, t\u1eeb Corint\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn La M\u00e3, m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 4000 d\u1eb7m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed Origen (185-254 tr. CN), \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, xem Phoebe nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n (Commentarium in Epistolam B. Pauli ad Romanos 10. 1278).<\/p>\n<p>Theo C\u00f4ng v\u1ee5 16, Phao-l\u00f4 v\u00e0 Silas g\u1eb7p Lydia, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Do Th\u00e1i t\u1ea1i Philipph\u00ea th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n v\u00e0 kinh doanh h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a m\u00e0u t\u00eda, nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0u t\u00ecm b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf. Ngay sau khi b\u00e0 g\u1eb7p Phao-l\u00f4 v\u00e0 Silas, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh (gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gia nh\u00e2n) \u0111i r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy-La v\u00e0 Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Lydia \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n Phao-l\u00f4 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 Tin m\u1eebng Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u0169 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n<p>Trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c Ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu t\u1ea1i Philipph\u00ea, th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng hai ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Euodia v\u00e0 Syntyche, \u201c\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh t\u00f4i trong vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec7n t\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 Tin M\u1eebng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Cl\u00e9ment v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i\u201d (Phi 4: 2-3) B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p,\u201d th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4 xem ngang b\u1eb1ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Priscilla v\u00e0 Aquilla \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u00fd \u1edf tr\u00ean. Robin Scroggs n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cth\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i. H\u1ecd gi\u00fap\u00a0 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp v\u00e0\u00a0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i; h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 n\u00f3i ti\u00ean tri trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng.\u201d\u00a0 th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4 \u0111i theo Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n vinh ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu Galat, \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c anh em \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su Ki-t\u00f4\u201d (Gl 3: 28).<\/p>\n<p><em>Lc 8, 1-3<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cC\u00f3 m\u1ea5y ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111i v\u1edbi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 gi\u00fap Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Tin M\u1eebng theo Th\u00e1nh Luca.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Khi \u1ea5y, Ch\u00faa r\u1ea3o qua c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng n\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. C\u00f3 nh\u00f3m M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai c\u00f9ng \u0111i v\u1edbi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa kh\u1ecfi t\u00e0 th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt: l\u00e0 b\u00e0 Maria c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ma\u0111al\u00eana, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea3y qu\u1ef7 \u00e1m, b\u00e0 Gioanna v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Chusa, vi\u00ean qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a H\u00ear\u00f4\u0111\u00ea, b\u00e0 Susanna v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0 kh\u00e1c; nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 gi\u00fap Ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su, th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4 v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i s\u01a1 khai \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng gi\u1eef ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 im l\u1eb7ng (nh\u01b0 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Aten), ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c (nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 c\u1ee7a patria potestas v\u00e0 manus) h\u1ecd b\u1ecb im l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng (nh\u01b0 trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Do th\u00e1i). T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 Ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu s\u01a1 khai trao cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng trong b\u00ed t\u00edch r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u00ed t\u00edch Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u1ef0 L\u00d4I CU\u1ed0N KI-T\u00d4 GI\u00c1O<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u0110\u1ed0I V\u1edaI PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 Ng\u00e0i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. S\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. C\u00e1c Ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu s\u01a1 khai kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng trao cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy-La v\u00e0 Do Th\u00e1i.<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm v\u1edbi Phoebe v\u00e0 Priscilla. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng h\u0103ng say c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh uy l\u1ef1c trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 lan r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, n\u00f3i chung c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i s\u01a1 khai l\u1ea1i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. Helena, m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Constantine v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2) \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trong to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i Gi\u00e1ng Sinh t\u1ea1i B\u00ea-lem. Th\u00e1nh Chrysostome (cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0) ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y khi ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i, \u201cPh\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y (gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i t\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t) h\u0103ng say h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng.\u201d S\u1eed gia W.E.H. Lecky tin v\u00e0o ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u201ctrong cu\u1ed9c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3,\u201d v\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00eam, \u201cTrong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef chi\u1ebfm nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb tr\u00ed\u00a0 v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d.Leopold Zscharnack n\u00f3i, \u201cNh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh gi\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh c\u1ee7a Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn. Ch\u00ednh l\u00f2ng h\u0103ng say rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin M\u1eebng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m s\u01a1 khai c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y m\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Trong khi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a Zscharnack s\u1eeda sai\u00a0 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin M\u1eebng, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 thai v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i tr\u1ebb con, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy-La. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00e1c Ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 coi tr\u1ecdng b\u00e9 g\u00e1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m b\u00e9 trai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, khi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 ch\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o, \u201cph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c con c\u00e1i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng trong gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o k\u1ebft h\u00f4n hay kh\u00f4ng? R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i s\u01a1 khai s\u1edbm \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng\u00a0 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Rodney Stark cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu th\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai \u201cc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 60% l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.\u201d V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y t\u01b0 t\u1ebf ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng trong th\u1eddi gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i s\u01a1 khai c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u Celsus, nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c Ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu. \u00d4ng ch\u1ebf gi\u1ec5u h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho r\u1eb1ng ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 k\u00e9m uy t\u00edn.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 cao c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai (t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c th\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi) trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Gallup n\u0103m 1998 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u201ckh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u1edd\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 cao so v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u00e0y nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y 39% ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn 50%.Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qua.<\/p>\n<p>X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, trong khi \u0111em l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 y\u00ean t\u0129nh trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o Ki-t\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 La M\u00e3 l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00e0ng mong ch\u1edd h\u1ecd t\u00f4n vinh c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n La M\u00e3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Plutarch c\u00f3 n\u00f3i,\u201d ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 t\u00f4n th\u1edd v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh m\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng h\u1ecd tin t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng ch\u1eb7t c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 nghi k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00ea t\u00edn l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng (Coniugalia Praecepta 140 D). \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i g\u00ecn gi\u1eef t\u1ed5 \u1ea5m gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, khi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 ch\u1ed3ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o Ki-t\u00f4, n\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00f4n k\u00ednh c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng n\u1eefa, v\u00e0\u00a0 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda thi\u00eang trong nh\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng n\u00e0ng b\u1ecb t\u1eaft l\u1ecbm. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng La M\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecd, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd tin gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o Ki-t\u00f4 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ed3ng t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng. Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 la tinh Tertullian, trong \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ee3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf: h\u1ecd th\u00edch l\u00e0m ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a\u00a0 con s\u00f3i c\u00e1i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o: h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee5y l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i cho t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n!\u201d (Ad Nations 1.4)<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u00e0 ru\u1ed3ng b\u1ecf m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung, Tin m\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4: \u201cN\u1ebfu c\u00e1c con gi\u1eef l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y, c\u00e1c con th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y. R\u1ed3i c\u00e1c con s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c con t\u1ef1 do\u201d (Ga 8: 31-32).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>M\u1ed8T V\u00c0I \u0110I\u1ec0U B\u1ea4T TH\u01af\u1edcNG<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i t\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n ( sau 150 sau CN) m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng may tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i\u00a0 t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy La. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4, c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Max Weber \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t d\u1ea7n ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o khi gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\u00a0 v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin ch\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy-La v\u00e0 Do Th\u00e1i, c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn x\u01b0a ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 Ng\u00e0i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai.V\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba, th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a\u00a0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy l\u1ea1p, La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Do Th\u00e1i x\u01b0a (C\u00e1c Ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu tin l\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i theo nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c Do th\u00e1i), th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n trong th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia Hy-La li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Hy-La v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u do th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c rabbin rao gi\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n<p>Cl\u00e9ment th\u00e0nh Alexandria (d. 215) tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00ean e th\u1eb9n v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (Instructor 3. 11). Tertullian (m\u1ea5t ca. 220) \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i,\u201dB\u00e0 (Eve) l\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ma qu\u1ef7\u2026.B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. V\u00ec c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft, ngay c\u1ea3 Con c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft\u201d (On the Apparel of woman1.1) Cyril th\u00e0nh Gi\u00ea-su-sa-lem (m\u1ea5t 368), m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00e9p m\u00f4i. Ng\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, \u201ch\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 m\u00f4i h\u1ecd c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1eafng nghe\u201d (Procatechesis 14), Jerome, \u0111an s\u0129 (m\u1ea5t 420) ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i rabbi, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u0169ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef h\u00e1t \u1edf nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng trong nh\u1eefng tu h\u1ed9i (Against the Pelagians 1: 25)Th\u00e1nh Augustine (m\u1ea5t 430)\u00a0 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 ni\u1ec1m tin l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa n\u01a1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m h\u01a1n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ngo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (On the Trinity 12.10) .M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u01a1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, th\u00e1nh Thomas Aquinas (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba) ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa n\u01a1i\u00a0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng (Summa Theologiae 1 a, 93, 5).<\/p>\n<p>Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1t ra khi c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i\u00a0 qua b\u00ean kia k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Tin L\u00e0nh.\u00a0 Nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean v\u00ec sao Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c h\u1eb5n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy La ng\u1ecdai \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y rabbin c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG C\u1ee6A CH\u00daA KI-T\u00d4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0CHI\u1ebeM \u01afU TH\u1ebe<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean sau k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean t\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n, nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o trong gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 Ng\u00e0i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd, tuy nhi\u00ean h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy-La v\u00e0 Do th\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4. Trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u01b0 ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o l\u00fd nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, h\u1ecd tham gia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn b\u00ed t\u00edch Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u00e1t x\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng trong c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>M\u1ed8T CHU\u1ea8N M\u1ef0C GIA \u0110\u00ccNH M\u1edaI<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>N\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ki-t\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ki-t\u00f4 c\u01b0 x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4 khuy\u00ean ch\u1ed3ng h\u00e3y y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 y\u00eau Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i (Ep 5:25). Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha, \u201cKh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m b\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c con c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh; thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e3y mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d (Ep 6: 4). Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf patria potestas c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n c\u00e3i tr\u00ean kia.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha, c\u00f3 l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4 hay kh\u00f4ng? Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng g\u1ee3i \u00fd h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd nghe theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4 th\u1eadt k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m\u00a0 x\u00f3i m\u00f2n patria potestas v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau khi Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a v\u00e0o n\u0103m 313 sau Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su Ki-t\u00f4, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n v\u00e0 g\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u00e0 th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Valentinian I\u00a0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 374 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf patria potestas \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1! Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n sinh t\u1eed tr\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf patria potestas, nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111i k\u00e8m c\u1ee7a manus v\u00e0 coemptio c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ee5i t\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, manus \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 ch\u1ed3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u00e9p t\u1eafc tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 coemptio \u0111\u00e3 trao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha La M\u00e3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1n con g\u00e1i cho ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt patria potestas, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a\u00a0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec patria potestas \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1edbi xin m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a manus v\u00e0 coemptio b\u1ecb b\u1ea3i b\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng \u201cph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng\u00a0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9\u201d. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 tr\u00ean con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u1ef0 DO C\u1ee6A C\u00d4 D\u00c2U<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u01b0a kia, cho d\u00f9 \u1edf Babylon, Assyria, Hy L\u1ea1p hay La M\u00e3 n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u1ec1u c\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4 d\u00e2u tr\u1ebb con, th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ebb trung ch\u1eebng m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c m\u01b0\u1eddi hai tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda. \u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng gi\u00e0 h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, th\u01b0\u1eddng trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Parallel Lives of Illustrious Greeks and Romans, Plutarch cho bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha La M\u00e3 cho con g\u00e1i h\u1ecd l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0o l\u00fac 12 tu\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Institute c\u1ee7a Justinian ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c l\u1eddi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a Plutarch. T\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c g\u1ea3 c\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4 d\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc tu\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u00ec tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n nh\u1edd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef La M\u00e3.H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf patria potestas c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3. D\u01b0\u1edbi lu\u1eadt patria potestas ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Cha c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edt t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Hy L\u1ea1p, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Medea trong m\u1ed9t v\u1edf bi k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Euripides kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Hy L\u1ea1p m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef La M\u00e3 nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i (nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef) th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3\u00a0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7u h\u00f4n\u201d (Medea 237).<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ef1 do k\u1ebft h\u00f4n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn h\u01a1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng x\u1ea3y ra trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng xem v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3u h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y, th\u1eadt c\u00f3 l\u00fd khi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u1ebb, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u0103ng nh\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 .<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ef1 do l\u1edbn h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n m\u00e0 Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ban cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec1u cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, hi\u1ec7n nay m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n; n\u00e0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft h\u00f4n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 d\u00e2u tr\u1ebb con. S\u1ee3 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean, trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, c\u00f4 d\u00e2u tr\u1ebb con v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong mu\u1ed1n. H\u00e3ng th\u00f4ng t\u1ea5n Reuters thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103m 1999 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Maasai t\u1ea1i Kenya, m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Phi Ch\u00e2u, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha g\u1ea3 con g\u00e1i 13 tu\u1ed5i cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng lu\u1ed1ng tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0m \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ea1i Bangladesh n\u01a1i m\u00e0 con g\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef trong tu\u1ed5i v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb g\u1ea3 b\u00e1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng lu\u1ed1ng tu\u1ed5i. Lu\u1eadt ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n tr\u1ebb con th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb ph\u1ec9nh ph\u1edd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng cha m\u1eb9 khai l\u00ean tu\u1ed5i cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trung qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to l\u1edbn mua b\u00e1n c\u00e1c c\u00f4 d\u00e2u. \u201cM\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4 g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 12 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean du l\u1ecbch, b\u1ecdn n\u00e0y h\u1ee9a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cha m\u1eb9 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u00ecm cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn. Th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u1edf x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4 g\u00e1i b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p g\u1ea3 b\u00e1n cho m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u201d. T\u1ea1i Mauritania, Phi Ch\u00e2u, trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng c\u00f4 d\u00e2u tr\u1ebb m\u0103ng ch\u1eebng m\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>VI\u1ec6C C\u1ea4T B\u1ece M\u1ea0NG CHE M\u1eb6T<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Khi Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, vi\u1ec7c che m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Alfred Jeremias, trong b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd Der Schlcier von Sumer Bis Heute (M\u1ea1ng che m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb\u00a0 Sumer \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u00e0y nay, 1931) \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 b\u1ecb che m\u1eb7t b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sumer, Assyri, Babylone, Ai C\u1eadp, Hy L\u1ea1p, Do Th\u00e1i, Trung Hoa v\u00e0 La M\u00e3. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ly d\u1ecb v\u1ee3 n\u1ebfu n\u00e0ng\u00a0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c ly d\u1ecb t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Sulpicius Gallus l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.\u00a0 Sau khi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Hy L\u1ea1p lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n mang\u00a0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng che m\u1eb7t, m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi\u00a0 vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 mang m\u1ed9t nh\u1eabn c\u01b0\u1edbi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y nay, Q.M. Adams cho bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. N\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, lu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y rabbi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng\u00a0 \u201c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n khi anh ta nh\u00ecn v\u1ee3 \u0111i kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00f3c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che l\u1ea1i. Anh ta c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ly d\u1ecb n\u00e0ng\u201d. (Kethuboth 2). Ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n, g\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ebfm v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u che m\u1eb7t trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u00fd, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 Ng\u00e0i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i, t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn\u00a0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. V\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i (ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf tr\u00ean) c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i im l\u1eb7ng n\u01a1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecd b\u1ecb che m\u1eb7t, nh\u1eb1m duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a. Cl\u00e9ment th\u00e0nh Alexandria (150-215 sau TC) bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng khi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che gi\u1ea5u, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00e0ng \u201ckh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb nh\u00ecn ch\u1eb1m ch\u1eb1m. N\u00e0ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd sa ng\u00e3.. v\u00e0 n\u00e0ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00f4i k\u00e9o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c sa ng\u00e3 v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp t\u1ed9i nh\u1edd che m\u1eb7t\u201d (Instructor 8. 11) Tertullian, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Cl\u00e9ment, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ph\u1ea3i che m\u1eb7t: \u201cT\u1ea1i sao n\u00e0ng\u00a0 l\u1ed9t tr\u1ea7n (kh\u00f4ng che m\u1eb7t) tr\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd) \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 n\u00e0ng che \u0111\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng? N\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhu m\u00ec\u00a0 n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd hay kh\u00f4ng?\u201d (On Prayer 22). Th\u00e1nh Chrysostom trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Homilies on I Corinthians (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0) th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n tranh lu\u1eadn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. Th\u00e1nh Augustine (\u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m) \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c che m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i, \u201cNh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 canh t\u00e2n t\u00e2m tr\u00ed, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa hay sao? Ai s\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y?Nh\u01b0ng trong t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y; v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u che m\u1eb7t\u201d (Of the Works of Monks 32). Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 quen bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00e0y, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f4i khi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft h\u1ecd qu\u00ean \u0111i quan ni\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c trong vi\u1ec7c khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef che m\u1eb7t. T\u1ea1i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c (nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp v\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c) c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i \u00c1i nh\u1ec9 lan, do th\u00e1nh Patrick ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o trong \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 r\u1eb1ng\u00a0 b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c \u201cph\u1ea3i che m\u1eb7t khi n\u00e0ng b\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0.\u201d N\u0103m 585, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Auxerre \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u trong \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt 42 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Ti\u1ec7c Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ec3 n\u00ean che m\u1eb7t. N\u0103m 866, \u0110TC Nikolaus I tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ex cathedra, \u201cC\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che m\u1eb7t trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Nikolaus h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c che m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. T\u1eadp t\u1ee5c che m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t.V\u00ec sao vi\u1ec7c che m\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 lan r\u1ed9ng trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o ng\u00e0n n\u0103m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 n\u00f3i. Th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4 th\u00f4i th\u00fac ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4-rin-t\u00f4 tr\u00f9m k\u00edn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (I Cr 11: 5-16) Nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb che m\u1eb7t hay kh\u00f4ng? H\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4, trong th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i g\u1eedi Tim\u00f4th\u00ea, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i \u0103n m\u1eb7c khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec7n m\u00e1i t\u00f3c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n che m\u1eb7t (1 Tm 2: 8-9). Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f9m \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<p>D\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u00f4i th\u00fac ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n trong su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m th\u1ee9 hai kh\u00f4ng che m\u1eb7t. Cung c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng che m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u1eefa. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ki-t\u00f4 v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd che m\u1eb7t, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 do d\u1ef1 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. \u00dd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ki-t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u1ee4C \u0110A TH\u00ca B\u1eca B\u00c3I B\u1ece<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng Hy l\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111a th\u00ea. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111a th\u00ea, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch Th\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 Abraham, Gia c\u00f3p, I-saac, Elkanak, David, Salomon v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee3. Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, Josephus, s\u1eed gia Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u201cT\u1eadp t\u1ee5c x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta (Do th\u00e1i) l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t l\u00fac (Jewish Antiquities 17.1, 2, 15)<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00ednh n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111a th\u00ea n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ki-t\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp. Nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ee5c \u0111a th\u00ea. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m minh h\u1ecda, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5c \u0111a th\u00ea. Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i, \u201cC\u1ea3 hai (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ba ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed1n) s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n x\u00e1c\u201d (Mt 19, 5). L\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ai mu\u1ed1n theo Ng\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn Ng\u00e0i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 anh ch\u1ecb em, m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh (Lc 14: 26) Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 v\u1ec1 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 sung cho s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ee5c \u0111a th\u00ea h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. S\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4 khi ng\u00e0i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c (gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u00ean) c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3\u201d (1 Tm 3: 1-2) N\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, khi Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o\u00a0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n , khi Utah c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u bang t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1890, t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Mormon, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ti\u1ec3u bang n\u00e0y, b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111a th\u00ea tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o Li\u00ean bang. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5m v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su Ki-t\u00f4 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n\u00a0 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i nhanh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea2 R\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do \u00edt \u1ecfi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nam n\u1eef b\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 c\u0103m th\u00f9 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, h\u1ecd h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su Ki-t\u00f4 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef h\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o\u00a0 hi\u1ec7n nay t\u1ea1i Trung \u0110\u00f4ng. T\u1ef1 do th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng\u00a0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 khinh r\u1ebb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su Ki-t\u00f4 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>NH\u1eeeNG G\u00d3A PH\u1ee4 \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C T\u00d4N VINH, KH\u00d4NG B\u1eca THI\u00caU S\u1ed0NG<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Trong h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m phong t\u1ee5c v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 suttee (ho\u1eb7c sati), vi\u1ec7c thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n\u00a0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Hindu c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Khi ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, n\u00e0ng, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean gi\u00e0n h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, n\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c, ngay c\u1ea3 b\u1edfi con trai c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 n\u00e0ng xoay x\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. N\u00e0ng b\u1ecb c\u01b0 x\u1eed nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec n\u00e0ng\u00a0 l\u1ea9n tr\u00e1nh gi\u00e0n h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n v\u00ec gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Hindu \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 b\u1ecb coi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. M\u1ed9t g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e8n h\u1ea1 v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng trang ph\u1ee5c l\u00f4i th\u00f4i nh\u1ea5t; kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee7 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc gi\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eefa; \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb c\u1ea1o nh\u1eb5n h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i n\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng chung ch\u1ea1 b\u1eeba b\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n; c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 nghi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh cho n\u00e0ng; n\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef mang b\u1ea7u, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00fa li\u1ebfc m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a . Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a\u00a0 t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 c\u00f4 d\u00e2u tr\u1ebb t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau trong khi n\u00e0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ebb con \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, khi c\u00e1c g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau c\u00e1c g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng x\u01b0a kia c\u00e1c g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau t\u1ea1i Scandinavia trong th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Finn, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maori t\u1ea1i T\u00e2n T\u00e2y Lan v\u00e0\u00a0 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111i\u00eang M\u1ef9 ch\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Kha lu\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<p>Quan ni\u1ec7m Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u00e0 g\u00f3a trong T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eadt kh\u00e1c xa v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o bi\u1ebft bao! Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t b\u00e0 g\u00f3a th\u00e0nh Naim, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 con trai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa cho s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u00f5i ch\u1ebft (Lc 7: 11-15) L\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, Ng\u00e0i khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Pha-ri-si\u00eau v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0103n ch\u1eb7n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0 g\u00f3a (Mc 12: 40) v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 khen ng\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 g\u00f3a, \u00a0m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e2ng c\u00fang hai \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n trong \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd (Lc 21: 2-3). Vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho Tim\u00f4th\u00ea, th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4 th\u00f4i th\u00fac \u00f4ng khuy\u00ean c\u00e1c Ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u00caph\u00eas\u00f4, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c con ch\u00e1u, ph\u1ea3i k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 g\u00f3a b\u1ee5a (I Tm 5: 3-4) T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1\u00a0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u01b0 th\u00e1nh Gioan nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu, \u201cT\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, Cha ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 thanh s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1eafc t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 sau: ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u2026nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 g\u00f3a trong c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn\u201d (Ga 1: 27).<\/p>\n<p>Sau k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai, Ignati\u00f4, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Antiokia, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho Polycarp, \u201cKh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng c\u00e1c g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5. Sau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, h\u00e3y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\u201d. Sau n\u00e0y v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, Constantine \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c b\u00e0 g\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ban\u00a0 cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb danh d\u1ef1 La M\u00e3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tagma, v\u00e0 sau n\u1eefa h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ch\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1eef tr\u1ee3 t\u1ebf , nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p>X\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c b\u00e0 g\u00f3a, nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Anh qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1829, d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a quan To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n William Bentinck, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt lu\u1eadt suttee. Khi l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201ch\u00e9t l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hindu s\u1ebd b\u1ecb lung lay n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng\u2019. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 trao cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n, v\u00ec trong n\u0103m 1856 c\u00e1c b\u00e0 g\u00f3a \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c, quy\u1ec1n t\u00e1i gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>L\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p suttee ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m v\u1eabn di\u1ec5n ra, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1800. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ghi nh\u1eadn trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Rajasthan, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt mu\u1ed1n \u201cl\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 t\u00f4n vinh t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 sati\u201d. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0 g\u00f3a c\u0169ng b\u1ecb h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Times v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1987. M\u1ed9t g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 18 tu\u1ed5i trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 \u1edf Deorala \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n l\u00ean gi\u00e0n h\u1ecfa; r\u1ed3i gi\u1eef th\u1ee7 c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng trong v\u1ea1t \u00e1o, n\u00e0ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau tr\u00ean gi\u00e0n h\u1ecfa. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng. Sau khi n\u00e0ng b\u1ecb h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau, h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn \u201cl\u1eddi ch\u00fac ph\u00fac\u201d t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 ch\u1ebft thi\u00eau n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd n\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb n\u1eef th\u1ea7n. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u1eabn tin v\u00e0o c\u00e2u ng\u1ea1n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Hindu: \u201cN\u1ebfu ch\u1ed3ng n\u00e0ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, n\u00e0ng s\u1ebd h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac; n\u1ebfu ch\u00e0ng bu\u1ed3n, n\u00e0ng s\u1ebd bu\u1ed3n; v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ch\u00e0ng ch\u1ebft, n\u00e0ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft theo\u201d. \u00a0B\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u1edd Time ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 160.000 \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n vinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau.<\/p>\n<p>Trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n<strong>,<\/strong> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a v\u0103n h\u00f3a bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin\u00a0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ngang nhau, \u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0 mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c quay l\u1ea1i t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o suttee c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xung \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 do quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 r\u01b0\u1ee1i qua, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nh\u1edd ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u1ee4C B\u00d3 CH\u00c2N C\u1ee6A NG\u01af\u1edcI T\u00c0U B\u1eca H\u1ee6Y B\u1ece.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Hoa, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e9 g\u00e1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o l\u00fac l\u00ean n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n b\u1ecb b\u00f3 l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. M\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i b\u0103ng b\u00f4ng d\u00e0i v\u00e0i inch (1 inch= 2.54cm) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed1n l\u1ea1i th\u1eadt ch\u1eb7t quanh hai b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n, bu\u1ed9c b\u1ed1n ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u00eda tr\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 g\u00e2y kinh ng\u1ea1c. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, g\u00f3t ch\u00e2n \u00e9p xu\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ea9y mu b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n h\u01b0\u1edbng ra ngo\u00e0i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n\u00a0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eafm tay n\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i. Ng\u00f3n c\u00e1i, theo Harrison Forman, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc gi\u00e0y nh\u1ecf. T\u1ee5c b\u00f3 ch\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1eeba sai truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, \u201cth\u1ecbt th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ed1i r\u1eeda trong khi b\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n; \u0111\u00f4i khi m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n b\u1ecb long ra.\u201d B\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1i th\u01b0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0a ch\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea1i sao t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i? Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vui l\u00f2ng b\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, v\u1edbi b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n b\u1ecb b\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh cung, \u0111i nh\u00f3n ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u1eafc l\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy\u1ebfn r\u0169. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng thon nh\u1ecf v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u201cth\u1ea5t s\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 n\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ki\u1ebfm cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e1ng mong \u01b0\u1edbc, \u201c theo nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale l\u00e0 Kenneth Scott Latourette, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1eeba sai x\u01b0a kia t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa cho bi\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c \u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 \u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c. S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 b\u00f3 ch\u00e2n. Khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 th\u1eeba sai ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng b\u1eaft c\u00e1c c\u00f4 g\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f3 ch\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 Trung hoa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n b\u00f3 ch\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1eeba sai v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t. Nh\u1eefng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c n\u00e0y th\u00edch h\u1ee3p th\u1eadt l\u1edbn lao, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4 g\u00e1i tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ee5c b\u00f3 ch\u00e2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, ch\u00ednh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Trung Hoa ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c phi nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh n\u00e0y n\u0103m 1912. Lin Yutang \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1eeba sai Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp chinh \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ee5c b\u00f3 ch\u00e2n. Khi nh\u1eefng ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c \u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean \u00e1n c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o t\u1ee5c b\u00f3 ch\u00e2n. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed sau khi t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1912, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ecb ch\u1ea7n ch\u1eeb \u00edt nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean kh\u00e1c khi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4 g\u00e1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u00f3 ch\u00e2n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920.<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u00e0y nay b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Trung Hoa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb b\u00f3 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft c\u1ee5t n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4 g\u00e1i Trung Hoa ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3\u00a0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n b\u1ecb b\u00f3 v\u00e0\u00a0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng . Nh\u01b0 trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ki-t\u00f4 h\u00e3u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng t\u00ed m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb suy s\u1ee5p tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>VI\u1ec6C C\u1eaeT B\u1ece \u00c2M V\u1eacT B\u1eca C\u1ea4M CH\u1ec8<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u1eaft b\u1ecf \u00e2m v\u1eadt ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc Phi Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2u \u00e2u v\u00e0 ngay t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 ch\u00e2u b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 Phi ch\u00e2u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Canada, Ph\u00e1p, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, Anh qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec3u bang M\u1ef9 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft b\u1ecf \u00e2m v\u1eadt (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 c\u1eaft b\u00ec ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n tin m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong 26 qu\u1ed1c gia Ch\u00e2u Phi. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, 5 tr\u00ean 99 % c\u00e1c c\u00f4 g\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu nghi th\u1ee9c d\u00e3 man n\u00e0y. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft b\u1ecf \u00e2m v\u1eadt \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u00e2m v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef. Th\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c l\u1ecda b\u1ecf m\u00f4i \u00e2m h\u1ed9 b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u201ch\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u01a1 quan sinh d\u1ee5c ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 g\u00e1i c\u0169ng b\u1ecb c\u1eaft b\u1ecf v\u00e0 l\u1edbp th\u1ecbt c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb m\u00e9p ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e2u chung, v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 g\u00e1i b\u1ecb b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t t\u1eeb m\u1eaft c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eaft l\u01b0ng trong v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n trong khi m\u00f4 s\u1eb9o \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u00e2m h\u1ed9.\u201d\u00a0 M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb y s\u0129 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft b\u1ecf d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecd.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e0nh vi n\u00f3i chung bu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4. M\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean M\u1ef9 co r\u00fam l\u1ea1i khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y tr\u00ean video. Th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi b\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb9 v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee1i dao c\u1ea1o. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, c\u00e1c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt v\u00ec h\u1ecd tin vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang \u00edt ham mu\u1ed1n quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u00ec.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7t ra ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn n\u00e0y, khi m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thu nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1eeb Phi Ch\u00e2u, n\u01a1i vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft \u00e2m v\u1eadt \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. V\u00e0 v\u00ec sao t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong 26 n\u01b0\u1edbc Phi Ch\u00e2u? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb sung m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u0103n minh l\u00f9i l\u1ea1i v\u00ec s\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, trong nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia Phi Ch\u00e2u, n\u01a1i n\u00e0o Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, v\u1edbi \u00edt ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu \u00e2m v\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u201cVi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1ng sinh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su\u201d, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.\u201d\u00a0 M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn, \u201cThi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1 cao th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.\u201d Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ee9c Ki-t\u00f4 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c Ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu th\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n rao gi\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng khai. N\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, ch\u00ednh t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00e2ng cao ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i x\u01b0a kia ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p, La M\u00e3, \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung hoa v\u00e0 b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y qua th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u00edt t\u1ef1 do ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i,\u00a0 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1edfi n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>KI T\u00d4 \u00a0GI\u00c1O N\u00c2NG CAO T\u1ef0 DO V\u00c0 PH\u1ea8M GI\u00c1 C\u1ee6A PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Alvin J. Schmidt Chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef: Kim Ng\u00e2n 59 \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u2026\u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng hay ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c anh ch\u1ecb em \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su Ki-t\u00f4. (Th\u00e1nh Phao-l\u00f4 trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi t\u00edn h\u1eefu Ga-l\u00e1t 3: 28) &#8230; <a title=\"Ki-T\u00f4 gi\u00e1o n\u00e2ng cao t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (Kim Ng\u00e2n sb59 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef)\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/?p=4166\" aria-label=\"More on Ki-T\u00f4 gi\u00e1o n\u00e2ng cao t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (Kim Ng\u00e2n sb59 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef)\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[76],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4166"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4166"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4166\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4169,"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4166\/revisions\/4169"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4166"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4166"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/saobiennhatrang.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4166"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}